Single dose provides great immunity IF you had a covid infection.
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2021/04/29/science.abh1282
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ABSTRACT
Detection of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and inactivated virus was achieved using disposable and biofunctionalized functional strips, which can be connected externally to a reusable printed circuit board for signal amplification with an embedded metalâoxideâsemiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET). A series of chemical reactions was performed to immobilize both a monoclonal antibody and a polyclonal antibody onto the Au-plated electrode used as the sensing surface. An important step in the biofunctionalization, namely, the formation of Au-plated clusters on the sensor strips, was verified by scanning electron microscopy, as well as electrical measurements, to confirm successful binding of thiol groups on this Au surface. The functionalized sensor was externally connected to the gate electrode of the MOSFET, and synchronous pulses were applied to both the sensing strip and the drain contact of the MOSFET. The resulting changes in the dynamics of drain waveforms were converted into analog voltages and digital readouts, which correlate with the concentration of proteins and virus present in the tested solution. A broad range of protein concentrations from 1 fg/ml to 10 ÎŒg/ml and virus concentrations from 100 to 2500 PFU/ml were detectable for the sensor functionalized with both antibodies. The results show the potential of this approach for the development of a portable, low-cost, and disposable cartridge sensor system for point-of-care detection of viral diseases
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https://www.nature.com/articles/s41594-021-00619-0
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a is a putative viral ion channel implicated in autophagy inhibition, inflammasome activation and apoptosis. 3a protein and anti-3a antibodies are found in infected patient tissues and plasma. Deletion of 3a in SARS-CoV-1 reduces viral titer and morbidity in mice, suggesting it could be an effective target for vaccines or therapeutics. Here, we present structures of SARS-CoV-2 3a determined by cryo-EM to 2.1-à resolution. 3a adopts a new fold with a polar cavity that opens to the cytosol and membrane through separate water- and lipid-filled openings. Hydrophilic grooves along outer helices could form ion-conduction paths. Using electrophysiology and fluorescent ion imaging of 3a-reconstituted liposomes, we observe Ca2±permeable, nonselective cation channel activity, identify mutations that alter ion permeability and discover polycationic inhibitors of 3a activity. 3a-like proteins are found across coronavirus lineages that infect bats and humans, suggesting that 3a-targeted approaches could treat COVID-19 and other coronavirus diseases.
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In response to the epidemic and pandemic threats caused by emerging respiratory viral infections, a safe and efficient broad-spectrum antiviral therapy at early onset of infection can significantly improve patientsâ outcome. Inhaled dry powder is easy to administer and delivers antiviral agent directly to the primary site of infection, thereby minimizing systemic side effects. Here, spray freeze drying (SFD) technique is employed to formulate tamibarotene, a retinoid derivative with broad-spectrum antiviral activity, as inhalable powder. The SFD tamibarotene powder exhibits desirable physicochemical and aerodynamic properties for inhalation. Pulmonary delivery of tamibarotene powder results in rapid absorption and higher bioavailability compared with intraperitoneal injection of unformulated drug in animals. More importantly, inhalation or intranasal delivery of SFD tamibarotene formulation displays broad-spectrum antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and pandemic 2009 influenza A virus (H1N1) in mouse and hamster models by targeting lower or upper airways, and the efficacy is comparable or superior to the commercially available antivirals remdesivir and zanamivir against specific virus. These results present a promising strategy to combat various respiratory viral infections including SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus, or even co-infection.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adtp.202100059
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SUMMARY
Unrelated individuals can produce genetically similar clones of antibodies, known as
public clonotypes, which have been seen in responses to different infectious diseases as well as healthy individuals. Here we identify 37 public clonotypes in memory B cells from
convalescent survivors of SARS-CoV-2 infection or in plasmablasts from an individual
after vaccination with mRNA-encoded spike protein. We identified 29 public clonotypes,
including clones recognizing the receptor-binding domain (RBD) in the spike protein S1
osubunit (including a neutralizing, ACE2-blocking o clone that protects in vivo), and others
rrecognizing non-RBD epitopes that bound the S2 domain. Germline-revertant forms of
-some public clonotypes bound efficiently to spike protein, suggesting these common
rgermline-encoded antibodies are preconfigured for avid recognition. Identification of large
P numbers of public clonotypes provides insight into the molecular basis of efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and sheds a light on the immune pressures driving the selection of common viral escape mutants.
https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/pdf/S2211-1247(21)01042-1.pdf
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Looks like one dose should be mRNA vax and one attenuated viri vax for best immunity.
We need to see large scale comparisons of infection and recovery rates between vaccinated people and previously infected people, to assess in what manner natural immunity is comparable to induced immunity.
And this needs to be set against studies that focus on regions where recent outbreaks are in the nature of variants, primarily, so that the characteristics of both kinds of immunities emerge.
The danger of restrictive public health initiatives that are not based on good science, and therefore damage livelihoods and freedoms without conferring improved health outcomes, must be countered.
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Infection with one vax shot confers the same immunity as a fully vaccinated person.
https://metastudio.org/t/a-resource-on-covid-19-testing-methods/3829/82?u=jtd
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Just a two minute read, this.
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/delta-variant.html
Title: Delta Variant: What We Know About the Science
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The Delta variant is more contagious
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Some data suggest the Delta variant might cause more severe illness than previous strains in unvaccinated persons.
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Unvaccinated people remain the greatest concern
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Fully vaccinated people with Delta variant breakthrough infections can spread the virus to others. However, vaccinated people appear to be infectious for a shorter period
Though this article primarily talks about the status of the Delta Variant in the US, it is extremely relevant to the situation in India as well!
And theyâve also linked references in the end.
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https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2110475
Results
In the vaccination analysis, the vaccinated and control groups each included a mean of 884,828 persons. Vaccination was most strongly associated with an elevated risk of myocarditis (risk ratio, 3.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.55 to 12.44; risk difference, 2.7 events per 100,000 persons; 95% CI, 1.0 to 4.6), lymphadenopathy (risk ratio, 2.43; 95% CI, 2.05 to 2.78; risk difference, 78.4 events per 100,000 persons; 95% CI, 64.1 to 89.3), appendicitis (risk ratio, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.02 to 2.01; risk difference, 5.0 events per 100,000 persons; 95% CI, 0.3 to 9.9), and herpes zoster infection (risk ratio, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.20 to 1.73; risk difference, 15.8 events per 100,000 persons; 95% CI, 8.2 to 24.2). SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with a substantially increased risk of myocarditis (risk ratio, 18.28; 95% CI, 3.95 to 25.12; risk difference, 11.0 events per 100,000 persons; 95% CI, 5.6 to 15.8) and of additional serious adverse events, including pericarditis, arrhythmia, deep-vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, intracranial hemorrhage, and thrombocytopenia.
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The concern with variants remains. Simply because this particular variant, called Delta, shows evidence of risks of two kinds, namely severity and ability to infect already vaccinated people, has no impact on the possibility that future variants will not also have similar issues, and with different characteristics.
The regimen from a public health perspective has so far principally been isolation (social distancing, plus masks) and vaccination. The latter was always going to be dicey, given the nature of viruses. The former, however, has so far has an enormous short term effect on industrial economies, whose surpluses are the typical source of public health funding.
What is missing among the solutions, therefore, is a concerted push to the reengineering of industrial processes. Apart from robotic automation, which by its nature limits design innovation, there is little or no visible effort or example of industrial work (to be clear, this covers the gamut of manufacturing and related organisational activities) that synergises positive human effort and value addition.
To be useful, such solutions must also demonstrate visible improvement in overall optimisation of energy usage, apart from climate change gases and other atmospheric additions.
Only then can the impact upon economic systems be assessed.
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We are saddled with so much pre computing era baggage - both physical and mental - that even simple solutions fail to be implemented. Eg cycling tracks on existing roads. Perhaps even cycling tracks alongside the railway lines, such lines being the shortest route in at least Mumbai.
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